The content of freedom of expression, hate speech and the democratic answer

Danielle Anne Pamplona

Abstract


This text advocates that the analysis of the international instruments governing the right to freedom of expression and its restrictions distract the best defenses of the ban from the restriction imposed on the hate speech. To this end, it establishes the genesis of the protection of freedom of expression and assesses how the universal and the inter-American and European regional instruments contemplate it, clarifying its content and the restrictions that are imposed on its exercise. The research was carried out on doctrine and on the mentioned international instruments. The analysis led to the conclusion that the Inter-American system is the most protective of freedom of expression, while at the same time being more modest in relation to the restrictions it imposes on the exercise of freedom of expression. Even so, there is a mechanism in the inter-American system that allows adequate protection against abuses that may be practiced in the name of freedom of expression and that justifies the adoption of restrictions such as hate speech.

Keywords


International Law of Human Rights; Freedom of expression; Right content; Hate speech; International documents

References


BRIMACOMBE, Peter. All the Queen’s Men: The World of Elizabeth I. Palgrave Macmillan. Gloucestershire, United Kingdom: Sutton Publishing Ltd., 2000.

BUERGENTHAL, Thomas; NORRIS, Robert E. Human Rights, The Inter-american System, Part II, Chapter I, Oceana Publications, Inc.: Dobbs Ferry, New York, 1982.

CORTE INTERAMERICANA DE DIREITOS HUMANOS – CorteIDH. Opinião Consultiva 05/85, 1985. Disponível em: < http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/opiniones/seriea_05_esp.pdf >. Acesso em: 20 fev. 2016.

CORTE INTERAMERICANA DE DIREITOS HUMANOS – CorteIDH. Ricardo Canese vs. Paraguay, 2004. Disponível em: < http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_111_esp.pdf >. Acesso em: 07 jan. 2016.

CRAM, Ian. Contested words, local restrictions on freedom of speech in liberal democracies. Ashgate: England, 2006.

EIJNATTEN, Joris van. In praise of moderate Enlightenment: a taxonomy of early modern arguments in favor of freedom of expression. In: POWERS, Elizabeth. Freedom of speech: the history of an idea. Bucknell University Press: United Kingdom, 2011.

DECLARAÇÃO INGLESA DE DIREITOS DE 1689. Universidade de São Paulo. Disponível em: < http://www.direitoshumanos.usp.br/index.php/Documentos-anteriores-à-criação-da-Sociedade-das-Nações-até-1919/a-declaracao-inglesa-de-direitos-1689.html >. Acesso em: 20 mar. 2016.

FARRIOR, Stephanie. Holding the Matrix: The Historical and Theoretical Foundations of International Law Concerning Hate Speech. Berkeley Journal of International Law, 14:1, 1996.

GREENE, Jamal. Hate Speech and the demos. The content and context of hate speech. In: HERZ, Michael, MOLNAR, Peter (org). Cambridge University Press: New York, 2012. p. 92-115.

ISRAEL, Jonathan I., Libertas Philosophandi in the Eighteenth Century: Radical Enlightenment versus Moderate Enlightenment. In: Freedom of Speech: The history of an idea. POWERS, Elizabeth (org.), Bucknell University Press: Estados Unidos, 2011.

MALIK, Kenan. Interview with Kenan Malik, The content and context of hate speech. HERZ, Michael, MOLNAR, Peter (Org.), Cambridge University Press: New York, 2012. p. 81-91.

MOLNAR, Peter. Responding to “Hate Speech” with Art, Education and the Imminent Danger Test. The content and context of hate speech. HERZ, Michael, MOLNAR, Peter (org). Cambridge University Press: New York, 2012. p. 183-197.

ONU – ORGANIZAÇÃO DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS. Convenção Internacional para Eliminação de Todas as Formas de Discriminação. Disponível em < http://www.pge.sp.gov.br/centrodeestudos/bibliotecavirtual/instrumentos/discriraci.htm >. Acesso em: 17 fev. 2016.

ONU – ORGANIZAÇÃO DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS. Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos. Disponível em < http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/por.pdf >. Acesso em: 15 fev. 2016.

ONU – ORGANIZAÇÃO DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS. Pacto Internacional dos Direitos Civis e Políticos. Disponível em < http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto/1990-1994/d0592.htm >. Acesso em: 15 fev. 2016.

PASQUALUCCI, Jo M., Criminal Defamation and the Evolution of the Doctrine of Freedom of Expression in International Law: Comparative Jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Vanderbilt Journal Transnational Law, v. 39, p. 379-433, 2006.

POWERS, Elizabeth. Freedom of speech: the history of an idea. Bucknell University Press: United Kingdom, 2011.

ROSENFELD, Michel. Hate Speech in Constitutional Jurisprudence. In: The content and context of hate speech. Cambridge University Press: New York, 2012. p. 242-289.

SALHANY, Roger E. The origin of rights. The Carswell Company Limited, 1986.

SUPREMA CORTE DOS ESTADOS UNIDOS. Bradenburg vs. Ohio 395 U.S. 444, 1969. Disponível em: < https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/395/444/case.html >. Acesso em: 10 jan. 2016.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.18256/2238-0604.2018.v14i1.1788

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.




ISSN 2238-0604

Licença Creative Commons

This Revista Brasileira de Direito is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Indexers

Periódicos CAPES  googlelogo_scholar.png
DOAJ.jpg
 
Diadorim.jpg
 dialnet.png
latindex.jpg
 
 logos_DOI_CrossRef_CrossChek.png

 
circ.png
 miar.png

logo_base.gif
 
 logos_DOI_CrossRef_CrossChek.png
CiteFactor2.png
 
Scilit logo